X射线显微镜具有很高的分辨率，但随着光子能量的增加和研究物体尺寸的减小，物体对X射线的吸收减少，X射线穿透物体后携带出来的信息很弱，成像对比度很低，因此对生物样品等轻元素组成的物质进行显微成像时需要借助相位衬度成像方法。介绍了近年来新发展的几种应用于高分辨X射线显微镜的相衬方法，主要包括泽尼克(Zernike)相衬法、微分干涉法和离轴全息法。着重介绍了这几种相衬显微成像方法的基本原理和主要研究进展，并比较了各自的优缺点，力图通过X射线相衬显微成像技术的发展历程呈现其在生物样品内部结构检测中的潜在优势和主要问题。

X-ray microscope has the property of providing high resolution. However, it should employ phase contrast for imaging materials consisting of light elements, such as biological samples, because the signal obtained from the penetrating X-rays is very weak and as a result the image contrast is extremely low with increasing photon energy and decreasing object size. Several phase contract methods for high-resolution X-ray microscope, including Zernike phase contrast mode, differential interference mode and off-axis holographic mode, are reviewed. Basic principles and main research progresses of these phase contrast microscopic techniques are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared, in an attempt to show potential advantages as well as main challenges of X-ray phase contrast microscopic imaging techniques in detecting internal structures of biological samples.