传统荧光显微镜的分辨率受到光学衍射极限的限制。使用结构光照明技术，可以实现突破衍射极限的超分辨成像。相对于其他突破衍射极限的超分辨成像方法，结构光照明显微技术具有装置结构简单、成像速度快等优势，在生命科学研究中发挥了重要作用。首先分析了基于结构光照明的二维超分辨率荧光成像、三维层析荧光成像和非线性结构光照明超分辨荧光显微成像的原理和图像处理算法，并根据不同的结构光产生机理，对基于光栅光调制、基于液晶空间光调制器光调制和基于数字微镜阵列光调制的结构光照明荧光显微镜装置做了阐述和比较，最后概述了结构光照明荧光显微镜在观察生物样品结构特性和动态特性中的应用。

Resolution of traditional fluorescence microscopy is limited by the diffraction of light. Diffraction limit can be broken by structured illumination to get higher resolution. Compared to other super-resolution microscopy techniques, structured illumination fluorescence microscopy can achieve higher imaging speed and need a simple setup, which has an important application life science research. In this paper, we first illustrate the principle and reconstruction algorithm to obtain 2D and 3D super-resolution images as well as non-linear structured illumination. Then the generally used structured illumination method and setup based on grating, spatial light modulator (SLM) as well as digital micro-mirror device (DMD) are introduced and compared. At last we summarize the application of structured illumination fluorescence microscopy for observing biological structures and processes.