为探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水配施磷肥高产、优质的技术途径，在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地采用大田试验研究了休闲期覆盖或不覆盖条件下低（75 kg/hm2）、中（112.5 kg/hm2）、高（150 kg/hm2）施磷水平对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其生理机制。结果表明：休闲期覆盖后，播种期0-100 cm土壤蓄水量显著提高，达39-42 mm，而开花期60-100 cm土层降低。覆盖后，花后旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性提高，籽粒游离氨基酸和灌浆后期GMP含量提高，籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇均提高。增加施磷量，开花期20-60 cm、80-100 cm土层蓄水量降低，而花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性提高，且覆盖条件下花后0-15 d、20 d旗叶GOGAT活性，花后5 d、15 d、25-30 d籽粒GOGAT活性，籽粒游离氨基酸含量、籽粒GMP含量提高，籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量显著提高，产量提高940-1452 kg/hm2。此外，休闲期覆盖配施磷肥条件下，开花期深层土壤水分与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性密切相关，旗叶和籽粒GS和GOGAT活性均与游离氨基酸含量、谷/醇、蛋白质产量关系密切。总之，旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于提高底墒，且配合施磷量150 kg/hm2可促进根系吸收深层土壤水分，提高产量的同时也提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、GMP含量和谷/醇。

In order to study the technical approach of mulching in fallow period and the application of phosphorus fertilizer to improve yield and quality of dryland wheat, field trial was carried out to study the effect of two mulching situations and three fertilizer treatments on soil water and grain protein accumulation and its physiological mechanism in Wenxi experiment site of Shanxi Agricultural University. The three treatments of phosphorus fertilizer were: low-level (75 kg/hm2), middle-level (112.5 kg/hm2) and high-level (150 kg/hm2). Two mulching situations were set up for each fertilizer treatment: mulch and no mulch in fallow period. The results showed that soil moisture storage at the depth of 0-100 cm increased significantly by 38-41 mm at sowing stage and at the depth of 60-100 cm layer decreased at anthesis under the situation of mulching in fallow period. After mulching in fallow period, the activity of GS and GOGAT in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved. The contents of free amino acid in grain and GMP at late filling stage were enhanced. The contents of grain protein and its components and the ratio of Glu/Gli were both increased. Increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer, soil water storage in the 20-60 cm and 80-100 cm layer were reduced, however the activity of GS in post-anthesis flag leaves and grains were improved. In additon, both the activity of GOGAT in flag leaves of post-anthesis 5-15 d, 20 d, it in grain of post-anthesis 5 d, 15 d, 25-30 d and the contents of free amino acid and GMP in grain were enhanced. The contents of grain protein and its components, the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield were all improved significantly. The yield of wheat was increased by 940-1452 kg/hm2. Furthermore, under the condition of mulching and phosphorus fertilizer, there was a close relationship between deep soil moisture at anthesis and the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves. All the activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves and grain were closely related to the contents of free amino acid, the ratio of Glu/Gli and protein yield. The above results suggested that mulching in fallow period in dryland wheat should be beneficial to improve soil moisture before sowing. And applying phosphorus fertilizer of 150 kg/hm2 can help roots absorb the soil water in deep layer. This measure can promote the increase of yield and also further improve the contents of grain protein and GMP and the ratio of Glu/Gli.