光谱学与光谱分析, 2016, 36 (11): 3709, 网络出版: 2016-12-30  

釉灰制备原料和工艺对其组成的影响

Effect of Raw Materials and Preparing Process on the Composition of Lime-Ash
作者单位
景德镇陶瓷大学, 江西 景德镇 333001
摘要
釉灰是我国古代独特的传统釉用核心原料, 其中以景德镇生产的釉灰最具代表性和影响力, 正所谓“无灰不成釉”。 它不仅成就了景德镇宋元明清的制瓷盛况, 而且拥有复杂、 严谨且带有一丝“神秘”色彩的制备工艺, 其原料选择、 工艺原理、 釉用机理长期以来一直是中外研究者探究我国古代制瓷“秘诀”的一个重要课题。 实验采集了狼萁草等四种典型柴草和两种石灰石, 分别进行了煅烧实验, 并借助EDXRF和X射线衍射仪(XRD), 对各原料灰化后的化学组成及不同煨烧次数所制得釉灰的化学组成和物相组成进行科学表征和对比研究, 初步剖析了釉灰制备采用独特的三次煨烧工艺的科学意义。 结果表明, 狼萁草化学组成中Fe2O3和MnO含量分别高达1.41%和1.52%, 而P2O5含量则为四者中最低的0.54% , 不仅有利于景德镇传统灰釉呈现 “白中泛青”的效果, 还有利于提高釉层的透明度, 促进景德镇传统釉下青花等彩绘瓷的发色。 灰色石灰石不仅CaO含量低于黝黑色石灰石, 且MgO含量更是高达35.79%, 这正是古代制灰匠偏爱选择黝黑色石灰石的主要原因。 此外, 研究还发现, 随着煨烧次数的增加, 不仅釉灰化学组成中的K2O, P2O5, MnO, Fe2O3的含量均呈明显递增趋势, 且其物相组成中的CaCO3含量呈递增趋势, 而Ca(OH)2含量则刚好相反, 呈下降趋势, 这不仅有利于景德镇瓷器呈现“颜如玉”的外观特质, 也有利于克服配釉过程中釉浆因含一定量的Ca(OH)2而引起的“作浓”现象。 可见, 釉灰制备选用独特的原料及其煨烧工艺, 是景德镇古代灰釉独具特色并得以长期发展的技术保障之一。
Abstract
As the saying goes that “no ash, no glaze”, lime-ash has been the core material widely used to prepare glaze in ancient China. Among all the lime-ashes, those made in Jingdezhen are the most influential and representative ones. Not only did lime-ash contribute greatly to the prosperity of porcelain making of Jingdezhen in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty, but also it has a complicated, rigorous and a touch of “mysterious” in its preparation process, technical principle and glaze mechanism. Therefore, the research of the lime-ash has been an important subject in exploring the “secret” of ancient Chinese porcelain production by Chinese and foreign researchers. In this paper, four representative firewood and two lime stones as the raw materials were collected for the comparative studies, and three kinds of lime-ash with different smolder times were collected from one of the only two traditional lime-ash workshops in Shou’an town nearby Jingdezhen urban area. The chemical composition and phase composition of the raw materials and lime-ash with different smolder times made in Jingdezhen were discussed by testing with the Energy Dispersive X Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results showed that Fe2O3, MnO contents reaches 1.41% and 1.52% respectively, but the P2O5 content is just 0.54% of Langqi grass which is lower than other firewood that is not only benefited to form the characteristic of “Green in the white” in Jingdezhen traditional glaze, but also is favor to enhance the transparency of glaze and promote the coloration of traditional under-glazed color painted porcelain, such as the blue and white porcelain. The CaO content of grey lime stone is lower than that of the black lime stone with MgO content of 35.79%.This could be the main reason why the craftsmen prefer to use black lime stone to prepare lime-ash. In addition, the EDXRF results show that the K2O, P2O5, MnO and Fe2O3 contents have increased as the time of smoldering increases. In the meanwhile, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) phase has also increased, but the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) phase has decreased. The study helps Jingdezhen porcelain “look like jade” and is also good to avoid the “thickness” of glaze when there is a certain amount of Ca(OH)2 in glaze. So it could be concluded that the unique raw materials and smolder technology of the lime-ash which have provided the technical support for the development of lime-ash glaze are the unique features of ancient Jingdezhen ash glaze.

吴军明, 罗婷, 熊春华, 虞会青, 范志伟. 釉灰制备原料和工艺对其组成的影响[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2016, 36(11): 3709. WU Jun-ming, LUO Ting, XIONG Chun-hua, YU Hui-qing, FAN Zhi-wei. Effect of Raw Materials and Preparing Process on the Composition of Lime-Ash[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2016, 36(11): 3709.

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