光谱学与光谱分析, 2018, 38 (7): 2054, 网络出版: 2018-07-24  

北京故宫养心殿燕喜堂及西围房建筑彩画的分析研究——一种检测颜料和胶结物的集成检测方法

The Analysis of the Colored Paintings from the Yanxi Hall in the Forbidden City
作者单位
1 浙江大学化学系, 浙江 杭州 310027
2 浙江大学文博系, 浙江 杭州 310028
3 故宫博物院古建部, 北京 100009
摘要
北京故宫是现存规模最大、 保存最完整的木结构古建筑群。 2015年底, 故宫养心殿启动研究性保护修缮工程, 燕喜堂是养心殿的后殿西耳房, 是此次维修的重点对象之一。 彩画是古建筑的重要组成部分, 不仅具有美化装饰的作用, 更有对木材的防腐保护功能。 为了能更好地辅助燕喜堂及西围房建筑彩画的保护与修复, 需要对彩画原始材料以及工艺进行检测研究。 使用一套集成检测方法: 包括样品横截面分析、 扫描电子显微镜背散射及能谱技术、 拉曼光谱技术、 荧光染色法、 酶联免疫法、 免疫荧光法以及热裂解气相色谱法, 分析了故宫养心殿燕喜堂及西围房建筑彩画样品的颜料、 沥粉、 胶结材料的成分, 以及结构关系。 结果表明燕喜堂西围房使用的颜料有朱砂、 铁红、 群青、 石青、 石绿以及副氯铜矿型铜绿; 沥粉的无机组成为石英、 滑石、 白垩或白云石。 胶结材料检测结果发现彩画地仗层中普遍掺加了桐油, 颜料层中掺加了动物胶。 梁上彩画除了表面图案, 地仗层底部还有一层朱砂颜料, 同时地仗层内部也不规则地发现朱砂颜料。 此外, 表层红色颜料通常由两层颜料组成, 内层的显色成分是铁红和朱砂, 颜料颗粒直径1 μm左右, 外层颜料由朱砂组成, 颜料颗粒大小不一, 直径1~30 μm范围内。 上述检测结果不仅可以部分看出燕喜堂及西围房建筑彩画的工艺特征, 也表明该集成检测方法可行、 所需样品量少, 是一种经济实用的彩画文物检测方法。
Abstract
The Forbidden City in Beijing is the world’s largest and most complete preserved ancient wooden structure buildings. 2016 has witnessed its fisrt restoration since its extablishment one handred years ago. The Yanxi Hall, which has a large area of colored paintings, is an exquisite hall in the rear of the Yangxin Hall and is one of the most important objects in this restoration project. The colored paintings have the function of decoration and conservation of the wood inside. The identification of the original materials in the colored paintings is important for the study of the craftsmanship and the judgement of the disease. As the concept of “restoration as the past” is one of the main theory for the conservation of the heritage in China, the original material study is important for the design of restoration. In this study, a set of integrated testing methods, including cross-section analysis method, back scattered electron (BSE) image, energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS), Raman spectroscopy(RS), fluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay(ELISA), immunofluorescence microscopy(IFM) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass chromatography (py-GC-MS), was put forward and utilized to demonstrate the pigments and binders of the colored paintings of the Yanxi Hall. The results showed that the pigments are ascribed to cinnabar, red ochre, ultramarine, malachite azurite and paratacamite. The plaster embossing was composed of quartz, talc, chalk or dolomite. Tung oil was the binder of the ground layer, while animal glue was used as binder in the pigment layer. When studying the colored paintings from the roof beams, a red pigment layer, which was composed of cinnabar, was found both at the bottom and inside of the ground layer. The red pigment layer was composed of two layers. The internal layer was made up of cinnabar and red ochre, which had the diameter of only about 1 μm, while the outer layer was composed of cinnabar, whose diameter distributed in the range of 1~30 μm. The red pigment layer inside the ground layer and the two red layer to decorate the suface are unique crafts for the colored paintings from the Yanxi Hall. These results demonstrate that this set of integrated methods has the advantages of micro destructive sampling and high reliability. It is an economical and practical method to investigate the pigments and binders of colored paintings.

刘璐瑶, 张秉坚, 杨红, 张琼. 北京故宫养心殿燕喜堂及西围房建筑彩画的分析研究——一种检测颜料和胶结物的集成检测方法[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2018, 38(7): 2054. LIU Lu-yao, ZHANG Bing-jian, YANG Hong, ZHANG Qiong. The Analysis of the Colored Paintings from the Yanxi Hall in the Forbidden City[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018, 38(7): 2054.

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