The emergence of new materials can push scientific development and even lead to a new industrial revolution. The discovery of graphene has attracted more and more attention from society due to their excellent optics and electricity properties. Graphene has been widely used in optoelectronic devices, such as an optical modulator, polarizer, photoelectric detector, and ultrafast laser. In addition, there is a remarkable transition towards other nanomaterials in recent years. Apart from topological insulators (TIs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and monoelemental two-dimensional (2D) materials, composites and heterogenous layered materials are also worthy of mention.