光学观测是空间目标识别的重要手段, 由于探测距离远, 视场中的空间目标多呈现为非分辨的点目标。 相比于传统的定轨测量和光度测量, 光谱探测提供了波长维的可分辨信息, 极大的提升了目标表面材质判别能力, 并为目标状态反演提供了更可靠的依据, 极具应用潜力。 介绍了近年来国内外学者在空间点目标光谱探测及特征识别方面的典型研究进展, 依据主要研究方法, 分为多通道测光探测、 高光谱探测、 实验室光谱特性测量、 目标特性建模仿真四个方向。 其中, 多通道测光获得了低光谱分辨率的测量数据, 是常用的广域空间目标分类判别手段; 高光谱探测研究反射能量在波长维的精细分布, 有助于反演重点目标的材质组成; 实验室光谱特性测量可在受控条件下模拟目标探测的物理过程, 提供材质光谱特性数据库; 目标特性建模仿真则对物理属性抽象特征化, 研究目标光谱变化过程。 通过分析国内外研究成果, 总结当前研究的能力与不足, 提出几点研究思路, 为后续研究开展提供参考。

Optical measurement is one of the most important means of Space Object Identification. Due to the long observation distance, space objects in the field-of-view usually turn out to be unresolved points. Compared with orbit determination and photometry measurements, spectral measurements provide useful information in the wavelength dimension, which greatly improves the ability of material discrimination. This ability has great potential since it can provide reliable evidences for space object characterization. This paper introduces some typical results of space objects spectral observation and characterization in recent years, including multi-band photometry measurement, hyperspectral measurement, laboratorial spectral measurement, and characteristics modeling and simulation. Multi-band photometry measurement can bring low resolution spectral data, which is a common method for space object classification in large area. Hyperspectral measurement focuses on detailed spectral structure in the reflected light, from whom material composition of specific objects can be derived. Laboratorial spectral measurement can simulate the process of real observation under controlled conditions, while providing database of materials’spectral data. Characteristics modeling and simulation is used to generalize the attribute data to study the spectrum changing process. By analyzing domestic and overseas experiences, the capacity and weakness of current researches as well as several ideas of future works are discussed, offering a reference for future studies.