本文分别综述了基于热原子、冷原子体系的微波场测量的研究进展,以及基于纠缠原子的高灵敏微波电场测量的最新结果。文中详细介绍了基于原子的微波场测量与实验进展,内容主要包括:热原子样品中,利用里德堡原子的电磁感应透明效应和Autler-Townes效应,实现微波电场的场强测量和微波电场空间分布特征的亚波长空间高分辨率成像。冷原子样品中,介绍了相邻里德堡态与微波的相干耦合强度受微波功率的影响,以及通过铷原子基态超精细能级与微波相干耦合振荡,实现基于原子的新型微波功率标准的研究。此外,利用冷原子探针实现微米级空间分辨率的二维微波场场强分布测量。最后我们对采用原子的量子纠缠态提高微波场强探测灵敏度的技术方案进行了讨论,量子纠缠的引入将有望使微波探测的灵敏度突破标准量子极限,获得优于传统雷达探测灵敏度的测量结果。

In this paper,the related research progress of microwave field measurement based on thermal atom and cold atom system is reviewed respectively.The latest results of high sensitive microwave electric field measurement based on entangled atoms are discussed.The principle and experimental progress of atom-based microwave field measurement are introduced in detail.The content mainly includes: in the thermal atom sample,the field intensity measurement of the microwave electric field and the sub-wavelength spatial high-resolution imaging of the spatial distribution characteristics of the microwave electric field are realized by the electromagnetic induction transparent effect of the Rydberg atom.In the cold atom sample,a novel microwave power standard is established by the coherent coupling of the atomic ground state and the Rydberg state’s hyperfine energy level with the microwave,and the two-dimensional microwave field intensity distribution measurement with micron-level spatial resolution is realized.In addition,the technical solutions for improving the sensitivity of microwave field intensity detection based on atom-based quantum entanglement are discussed.The introduction of quantum entanglement is expected to make the sensitivity of microwave detection break through the standard quantum limit and obtain measurement results superior to the sensitivity of conventional radar detection.