错金银是青铜时代中国青铜器表面的一种贵金属镶嵌装饰技法, 目前对这一技艺的研究比较少, 更不深入, 与其曾经崇高的地位极不相称。 目前认知的青铜错金(银)器的制作工艺流程包括: 先铸造出青铜器本体, 再在青铜器表面錾刻出或预先已铸出图案或铭文所需的凹槽, 然后嵌入打制好的金银丝片, 最后打磨抛光, 达到突出图案和铭文的装饰效果。 利用X射线荧光光谱和X射线衍射手段对战国晚期和汉代的两件错金银青铜器本体、 表面镶嵌的金丝(片)及锈蚀产物进行了成分及物相分析。 两件青铜错金(银)器青铜本体Cu, Sn, Pb合金组成分别为: 85.10%, 10.31%, 3.84%和90.15%, 7.68%, 1.86%, 合金成分及配比都是中国古代青铜常见的。 铜盏表面镶嵌金片的成分Au: 70.38%和75.28%, Ag: 27.51%和22.50%, 相当于17～18 K金, 虎形器表面镶嵌金饰的成分Au: 85.16%, 88.06%和90.24%, Ag: 13.37%, 10.18%和8.11%, 相当于20～22 K金。 青铜器常见的锈蚀物是各种含Cu, Sn和Pb的氧化物、 碳酸盐、 硫化物或硫酸盐及铜的氯化物, 及石英、 碳酸钙、 氧化铁等来自土壤的污染物, 而所分析的两件错金(银)青铜器锈蚀物中除常见的锈蚀产物外, 还发现了在普通青铜器锈蚀物中罕见的铜硝石Cu2(NO3)(OH)3, CuI等矿物。 另外, 青铜浇铸模拟实验发现, 在未锈蚀前, 所分析的错金(银)器本体合金颜色与金饰镶嵌物之间的色差不明显, 达不到突出贵金属镶嵌物装饰的效果。 据此, 再结合特殊的锈蚀产物, 提出了古代青铜错金银工艺中是否存在金属染色技术环节的设想, 希望引起学者的关注。

Gold or silver inlaid craft is a precious metal inlay decoration technique on the surface of Chinese bronzes in the Bronze Age. At present, the research on this technique is less and less in depth, and it is far out of proportion to its once lofty status. Currently, the process of making gold or silver inlaid bronze includes: first casting a bronze body, then pre-casting or engraving the grooves required for the pattern or inscription on the surface of the bronze, finally embedding the finished filigree and finally smoothing, achieving the decorative effect of prominent patterns and inscriptions. In this paper, XRF and XRD methods were used to analyze the composition and phase of the gold or silver inlaid bronze body, the surface of the gold wire (sheet) and the rust products from the late Warring States Period to the Han Dynasties. Two pieces of gold or silver inlaid bronze body alloy composition Cu is 85.10% and 90.15%, Sn is 10.31% and 7.68%, and also contains 3.84% and 1.86% of Pb, respectively. The alloy composition and proportion are common in ancient Chinese bronze. Composition of gold inlaid on the surface of the bronze cup is 70.38% and 75.28%, while that of Ag is 27.51% and 22.50%, which is equivalent to 17～18K gold. The composition of gold inlaid on the surface of bronze tiger-shaped ornaments is 85.16%, 88.06% and 90.24%, and that of Ag is 13.37%, 10.18% and 8.11%, which is equivalent to 20～22K gold. Common rusts of bronze ware are various oxides, carbonates, sulphides or sulphates containing copper, chlorides containing copper, and contaminants from soil such as quartz, calcium carbonate and iron oxide. In addition to the common rust products in the two gold or silver inlaid bronze rusts analyzed in this paper, minerals such as gerhardtite Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 and CuI, which are rare in ordinary bronze rust, are also found. In addition, the bronze casting simulation experiment found that before the rusting, the color difference between the alloy of the gold or silver inlaid bronze body and the gold inlay was not obvious, and the effect of highlighting the decoration of the precious metal inlay was not achieved. Based on this, combined with special rust products, this paper first put forward the idea of whether metal dyeing technology exists in the ancient gold or silver inlaid craft, hoping to attract the attention of scholars.