金属或半导体与介质分界面上的电子与光子互作用形成的光学表面等离激元（SPP）以及人工超构材料或二维原子晶体材料表面上的电子与太赫兹波或微波互作用形成的人工表面等离激元（SSP）是小型化与集成化太赫兹有源/无源器件和太赫兹超分辨率成像的重要物理基础。随着太赫兹科学技术的发展，太赫兹表面等离激元研究在国际上受到很大关注。本文介绍了传统的光学表面等离激元及其发展，详细阐述了太赫兹波段的人工表面等离激元（SSP）和石墨烯表面等离激元（GSP）的基本原理和发展历程，对表面等离激元在太赫兹波段的新型辐射源、无源器件、超分辨率成像及其他领域的应用进行了较为全面的总结和评述，并对该领域未来进一步发展的方向进行了展望。

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) arising from the interactions between electrons and photons at the metal/semiconductor-dielectric interfaces, and spoof surface plasmons (SSP) supporting by the metamaterials or the interactions between surface electrons and terahertz/microwave waves of polyatomic crystals, are the essential foundation for breaking the diffraction limit and building integrated terahertz active/passive devices. This paper introduces the basic principles, evolution processes of conventional optical SSP, terahertz SPP and graphene surface plasmon polaritons (GSP). The detailed summary and discussion of terahertz plasmons in the applications of terahertz sources, passive devices, super-resolution imaging and so on are also presented. In the last, we discuss the developing prospects of the terahertz plasmons.