Photonics Research, 2018, 6 (10): 10000971, Published Online: Sep. 25, 2018   

Passively Q-switched femtosecond-laser-written thulium waveguide laser based on evanescent field interaction with carbon nanotubes

Author Affiliations
1 Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament Química Física i Inorgànica, Física i Cristal·lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials (FiCMA-FiCNA)-EMaS, Campus Sescelades, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
2 ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy pr., 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
3 Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
4 Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
5 Department of Physics, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34141 Daejeon, South Korea
6 Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Str. 2a, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
Abstract
Surface channel waveguides (WGs) were fabricated in a monoclinic Tm3+:KLu(WO4)2 crystal by femtosecond direct laser writing (fs-DLW). The WGs consisted of a half-ring cladding with diameters of 50 and 60 μm located just beneath the crystal surface. They were characterized by confocal laser microscopy and μ-Raman spectroscopy, indicating a reduced crystallinity and stress-induced birefringence of the WG cladding. In continuous-wave (CW) mode, under Ti:sapphire laser pumping at 802 nm, the maximum output power reached 171.1 mW at 1847.4 nm, corresponding to a slope efficiency η of 37.8% for the 60 μm diameter WG. The WG propagation loss was 0.7±0.3 dB/cm. The top surface of the WGs was spin-coated by a polymethyl methacrylate film containing randomly oriented (spaghetti-like) arc-discharge single-walled carbon nanotubes serving as a saturable absorber based on evanescent field coupling. Stable passively Q-switched (PQS) operation was achieved. The PQS 60 μm diameter WG laser generated a record output power of 150 mW at 1846.8 nm with η=34.6%. The conversion efficiency with respect to the CW mode was 87.6%. The best pulse characteristics (energy/duration) were 105.6 nJ/98 ns at a repetition rate of 1.42 MHz.

Esrom Kifle, Pavel Loiko, Javier Rodríguez Vázquez de Aldana, Carolina Romero, Airán Ródenas, Sun Yung Choi, Ji Eun Bae, Fabian Rotermund, Viktor Zakharov, Andrey Veniaminov, Magdalena Aguiló, Francesc Díaz, Uwe Griebner, Valentin Petrov, Xavier Mateos. Passively Q-switched femtosecond-laser-written thulium waveguide laser based on evanescent field interaction with carbon nanotubes[J]. Photonics Research, 2018, 6(10): 10000971.

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