超材料是一种人工复合材料，一般是由金属和电介质周期性排列的单元结构所构成，它具有天然材料不具备的某些特殊电磁性质。超材料的电磁响应不仅由它的构成材料决定，也与其谐振单元的微结构和排列方式有关。基于超材料设计的完美吸波器通过合理改变谐振单元的微结构参数和排列方式可以实现对特定波长的电磁波接近 100%的吸收。超材料完美吸波器 (PMA)具备设计灵活、响应可调、厚度小、吸波强等优点，通过设计合理的结构可以实现超宽带宽和极窄带宽，可以广泛应用于隐身材料、频率选择表面、太赫兹成像、智能通信、光电检测等领域。本文结合国内外研究现状，综述了 PMA的研究近况与发展前景，以期获得对 PMA更全面的理解。最后对 PMA的发展趋势和应用前景进行了深入探讨，多功能、结构简单的新型 PMA是未来的发展趋势。

The metamaterial is an artificial composite material. It is generally composed of a unit structure in which metals and dielectrics are periodically arranged. It has certain special electromagnetic properties that are not available in the natural materials. The electromagnetic response of metamaterials is determined not only by its constituent materials but also by its microstructure and arrangement. The perfect absorber based on metamaterial design can achieve close to 100% absorption of electromagnetic waves of a specific wavelength by rationally changing the microstructure parameters and arrangement of the resonant units. Perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA), with the advantages of flexible design, adjustable response, small thickness, strong wave absorption, etc., is possible to achieve ultra-wide bandwidth and extremely narrow bandwidth through a well-designed structure, which can be widely used for stealth materials, frequency selective surfaces, terahertz imaging, intelligent communications, photoelectric detection, and other fields. This review summarizes the research status and development prospects of PMA on the basis of comprehensive research status at home and abroad in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of PMA. Finally, the PMA development trend and application prospects are thoroughly discussed. The new PMA with multi-function and simple structure is the future development trend.