航天器在轨运行过程中面临的空间环境复杂多变, 高能电子、等离子体环境、低气压、大温差等环境因素会引起航天器发生静电带电和放电效应, 对航天器的安全运行造成严重影响。基于国内外试验数据和案例分析了空间环境引起的航天器故障, 从数值仿真软件、地面模拟技术、强场诱发放电以及防护技术等方面介绍了空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应研究进展, 对我国目前研究差距和未来研究方向进行了展望。研究表明: 我国航天器充放电效应防护技术研究取得了进步, 下一步重点针对空间站、深空探测、探月工程等新任务, 进一步拓展空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应机理和防护新技术研究, 为提升我国航天器的安全性和可靠性提供技术支撑。

The space environment in which the spacecraft located in orbit is complex and changeable. Environmental factors such as high-energy electrons, plasma environment, low pressure, large temperature difference and so on can cause electrostatic charge-discharge effects on the spacecrafts, which seriously affects the safety of the spacecraft. Based on the experimental data and cases at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the spacecraft faults caused by the space environment, introduces the research progress of the effect on spacecraft electrostatic charging-discharging in the space environment from the aspects of numerical simulation software, ground analogy technology, strong electromagnetic field induced discharging and protection technology. It finally presents prospects of the research gap and future research direction in China. The research indicates that progress has been made in the research of spacecraft charge-discharge effect protection technology in China. The next step is to focus on new tasks such as space station, deep space exploration and lunar exploration, and further expand the research on the mechanism of spacecraft charge-discharge effect and new protection technologies under space environment, so as to provide technical support for improving the safety and reliability of spacecraft in China.