大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）粒径小, 比表面积大, 容易吸附金属、 有机物、 病毒、 细菌等污染物而成为有毒有害物质的载体和反应体, 严重影响空气质量, 现已成为当前大气环境的首要污染物, 而其中金属及类金属由于具有非降解性和滞后性, 严重污染自然环境, 当PM2.5被吸入人体内, 有毒有害金属及类金属元素由呼吸道沉积在肺泡, 而后转移至血液及其他器官中, 可对人体正常生理机能产生影响, 造成身长发育缓慢, 甚至导致癌症等病变, 进而严重威胁人体健康。 近年来, 我国许多城市也相应开展了PM2.5中金属元素污染特征、 分布水平及源解析的研究。 选择有效采集PM2.5中的金属及类金属元素的方法, 消解效率较高的前处理方法以及操作简便、 快速、 准确、 灵敏和抗干扰能力强的检测方法已成为当前PM2.5中元素分析的研究重点和热点领域。 而电感耦合等离子质谱（ICP-MS）法测定PM2.5中金属及类金属元素, 不仅能满足多元素同时测定, 而且动态线性范围宽, 检出限低, 灵敏度高, 国内外学者们已进行了大量的研究工作, 形成了比较完善的研究体系。 该分析方法可为PM2.5中各金属及类金属组成及来源、 时空分布、 形态及相应同位素分析、 生理毒性和转化机制等方面的研究工作提供强有力的数据支持。 主要对ICP-MS测定PM2.5中金属及类金属元素的分析方法进行了综述, 着重对其采样滤膜选择、 前处理方法及其消解液的选择进行了详述, 重点阐述了ICP-MS联用技术在PM2.5金属和类金属元素形态及同位素分析中的应用研究, 总结了各种采样滤膜、 前处理方法和消解液及检测联用技术各自的优缺点和选择依据, 并对该领域未来存在的挑战和研究方向提出了展望, 为进一步发展更简便、 快速、 高灵敏且选择性好的PM2.5元素分析中ICP-MS检测技术提供参考。

Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5), with small particle size and large specific surface area, are easy to adsorb pollutants such as metals, organic compounds, viruses, bacteria etc., and become carriers and reactants of toxic and harmful substances, which seriously affect air quality and have become the primary pollutants in the atmospheric environment. Metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 seriously pollute the natural environment because of their non-degradability and hysteresis. When PM2.5 is inhaled into the human body, toxic and harmful metal and metalloid elements are deposited in the alveoli from the respiratory tract and then transferred to the blood and other organs. They can affect the normal physiological functions of the human body, resulting in a slow development of the body length, and even lead to cancer and other diseases, which seriously threaten human health. In recent years, many cities in China have also carried out corresponding studies on the pollution characteristics, distribution level and source analysis of metal elements in PM2.5. For these reasons, the method of effectively collecting metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5, the pretreatment method with high digestion efficiency and the detection method with simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and strong anti-interference ability have become the research focus and hotspots in elemental analysis of PM2.5. The analytical method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can not only satisfy the simultaneous determination of multiple elements in PM2.5 but also has a wide dynamic linear range, low detection limit and high sensitivity. Scholars have carried out a lot of studies and formed a relatively complete research system. This method can provide theoretical data support for the composition, origin, temporal and spatial distribution, morphological and corresponding isotopic analysis, physiological toxicity and transformation mechanism of metals and metalloids in PM2.5. Therefore, the analytical methods for the determination of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 by ICP-MS are reviewed in this paper. The selection of the sampling filter, the pretreatment method and the selection of the digestion solution are described in detail. The applications of several ICP-MS combined techniques in the speciation and isotope analysis of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 are emphasized. The advantages and disadvantages of various sampling filters, pretreatment methods, digestion solutions and detection techniques are summarized, and the future challenges and research directions in this field are also proposed. This paper can provide theoretical reference for the further development of simple, rapid, sensitive and selective detection of metal and metalloid elements in PM2.5 by ICP-MS.