Research and development of new neodymium laser glasses 
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1 Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Laser Fusion Research Center, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
Figures & Tables
Fig. 1. The absorption (left) and emission (right) spectrum of phosphate, silicate and aluminate glass.
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Table1. Thermal–mechanical properties of silico-phosphate glasses and N31 glass.
| Glass no. | Thermal conductivity () | Fracture toughness () | Young’s modulus (GPa) | Coeff. Thermal expan. () | Thermal shock resistance () |
|---|
| N31 | 0.560 | 0.48 | 56.4 | 11.5 | 0.31 | | P-Si0 | 0.979 | 1.03 | 85.3 | 7.87 | 1.13 | | P-Si4 | 0.975 | 1.13 | 81.4 | 7.73 | 1.32 | | P-Si8 | 0.973 | 1.13 | 81.1 | 7.61 | 1.34 | | P-Si12 | 0.950 | 1.13 | 78.1 | 7.39 | 1.40 | | P-Si16 | 0.935 | 1.04 | 77.5 | 7.37 | 1.27 | | P-Si20 | 0.920 | 1.01 | 73.2 | 6.96 | 1.36 |
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Table2. Emission cross section and thermal–optical properties of $\text{Nd}^{3+}$-doped $\text{P}_{2}\text{O}_{5}\text{-}\text{Al}_{2}\text{O}_{3}\text{-}\text{BaO}\text{-}\text{K}_{2}\text{O}\text{-}\text{Li}_{2}\text{O}$ phosphate glass.
| Mol% | Coeff. of thermal expan. () | Temperature coeff. of refractive index (, 50–) | Thermo-optical coeff. (, 50–) | Emission cross section () |
|---|
| Ba-Li0 | 92 | $-13$ | 3.8 | 3.50 | | Ba-Li6 | 88 | $-15.6$ | 3.3 | 3.41 | | Ba-Li11 | 90 | $-16.6$ | 3.3 | 3.25 | | Ba-Li16 | 94 | $-25.5$ | 2.7 | 3.13 | | K-Li0 | 105 | $-34.4$ | 2.1 | 4.10 | | K-Li3 | 112 | $-46.9$ | 1.3 | 4.32 | | K-Li6 | 115 | $-54.4$ | 0.7 | 4.22 | | K-Li9 | 110 | $-46.8$ | 1.1 | 4.36 | | K-Li12 | 115 | $-47.5$ | 0.9 | 4.52 | | K-Li15 | 133 | $-85.0$ | $-1.5$ | 4.30 |
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Table3. Main parameters of high-average-power neodymium phosphate laser glasses from Hoya[3], Schott[3] and SIOM.
| Parameters | HAP-4 | APG-1 | APG-2 | NAP-2 | NAP-4 |
|---|
| $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{\text{emi}}/10^{-20}~\text{cm}^{2}$ | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 3.2 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\text{rad}}/\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{s}$ | 350 | 385 | 464 | 380 | 400 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{eff}}/\text{nm}$ | 27.0 | 27.8 | 31.5 | 27.0 | 29.0 | | *d/g/$\text{cm}^{2}$ | 2.70 | 2.64 | 2.56 | 2.76 | 2.60 | | *$n_{d}$ | 1.5433 | 1.5370 | 1.5127 | 1.542 | 1.530 | | $n_{1053~\text{nm}}$ | 1.5331 | 1.5260 | 1.5032 | 1.536 | 1.523 | | Abbe number | 64.6 | 67.7 | 66.9 | 67 | 66 | | $n_{2}/10^{-13}$ esu | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.22 | 1.10 | | $\text{Tg}/^{\circ }\text{C}$ | 486 | 450 | 549 | 478 | 545 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}/10^{-7}/\text{K}(20{-}300\,^{\circ }\text{C})$ | 72 | 99.6 | 64 | 96 | 71 | | dn/dT/$10^{-7}/\text{K}$ | 18 | 12 | 34 | $-8.7$ | 19 | | dS/dT/$10^{-7}/\text{K}$ | 57 | 52 | 76 | 36 | 50 | | k/W/(m$\cdot$K) | 1.02 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.86 | | E/GPa | 70 | 71.0 | 64.0 | 58 | 67 |
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Table4. Range of optical parameters of $\text{Nd}^{3+}$ in different host glasses[21].
| Parameters | Refractive index | Peak wavelength (nm) | Line width FWMH (nm) | Emission cross section () | Radiative lifetime (s) |
|---|
| Silicate | 1.46–1.75 | 1057–1088 | 34–55 | 0.9–3.6 | 170–1090 | | Germinate | 1.61–1.71 | 1060–1063 | 36–43 | 1.7–2.5 | 300–460 | | Phosphate | 1.49–1.63 | 1052–1057 | 22–35 | 2.0–4.8 | 280–530 | | Aluminate | 1.64–1.77 | 1063–1077 | 33–44 | 1.5–2.1 | 270–410 |
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Table5. Bandwidth and Emission cross section of $\text{Nd}^{3+}$-doped aluminate glasses.
| Glass | Line width FWMH (nm) | Effective bandwidth (nm) | Radiative lifetime (s) | Emission cross section () |
|---|
| ACS-1 | 41.2 | 49.9 | 338 | 1.84 | | ACS-2 | 38.4 | 47.9 | 335 | 1.90 | | ACS-3 | 37.1 | 46.4 | 343 | 1.92 | | ACS-4 | 36.3 | 44.7 | 341 | 2.02 | | ACG-1 | 38.8 | 48.3 | 311 | 1.75 | | ACG-2 | 38.5 | 47.3 | 305 | 1.84 | | ACG-3 | 38.8 | 47.9 | 293 | 1.89 | | ACG-4 | 38.1 | 46.8 | 275 | 2.0 |
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Table6. Main parameters of laser glasses from Schott, LLNL and SIOM.
| Parameters | LG-680 | K-824 | L-65 | NSG-2 | ACS-1 |
|---|
| $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{p}$ | 1061 | 1064.5 | 1067 | 1061 | 1065 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}/10^{-20}~\text{cm}^{2}$ | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 1.84 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\text{rad}}/\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}$s | 359 | 274 | 349 | 330 | 338 | | FWMH/nm | 27.8 | 38.2 | 41.23 | 28 | 41.2 | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{eff}}/\text{nm}$ | 34.4 | 42.64 | — | 35 | 49.9 |
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Table7. Emission cross section and nonlinear refractive index in commercial silica/silicate and FP glasses.
| Glass code | | esu | Glass type |
|---|
| Nd-SG | 1.4 | 0.87 | Silica | | LG-670(ED-2) | 2.7 | 1.41 | Silicate | | LG-680(ED-3) | 2.5 | 1.60 | Silicate | | Q246 | 2.4 | 1.49 | Silicate | | K-824 | 2.4 | 3.44 | Silicate | | LG810 | 2.54 | 0.52 | Fluorophosphate | | LHG10 | 2.6 | 0.61 | Fluorophosphate |
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Table8. Properties of $\text{Nd}^{3+}$-doped fluorophosphate glasses from Schott, Hoya and SIOM.
| Properties | LG810 Schott | LHG10 Hoya | NF-1 SIOM | NF-2 SIOM |
|---|
| Emission cross section $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{\text{emi}}$ ($10^{-20}~\text{cm}^{2}$) | 2.54 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.4 | | $\text{Nd}_{2}\text{O}_{3}$wt% | 1.2 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | | Fluorescent lifetime ($\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}$s) | 470 | 384 | 510 | 430 | | Lasing wavelength $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{L}$ (nm) | 1053 | 1051 | 1053 | 1052 | | Effective line width $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{eff}}$ (nm) | — | — | 32.8 | 30.4 | | $n_{d}$ | 1.434 | — | 1.4647 | 1.5146 | | Abbe Number | 91 | — | 88 | 77 | | Nonlinear refractive index, $n_{2}$ ($10^{-13}$esu) | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.6 | 0.86 | | Glass transition temperature ($^{\circ }\text{C}$) | 395 | — | 450 | 490 | | dn/dT ($10^{-6}/\text{K}$) | — | — | $-8.8$ | $-8.6$ | | dS/dT ($10^{-6}/\text{K}$) | $-1.4$ | 1.6 | $-1.86$ | $-1.2$ | | $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ (30–$300\,^{\circ }\text{C}$) ($10^{-7}/\text{K}$) | — | — | 152 | 142 |
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Table9. Simulation results with total 18 pieces of NF-1 and N31 glass slabs, pulse width 5 ns.
| () | () | Nd:glass combination | B (rad) | B (rad) | Input (J) | Output (J) |
|---|
| 5.25 | / | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+9_{\text{(N31)}}$ | 1.79 | 2.60 | 0.016 | 16 870 | | 5.25 | 4.36 | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+9_{\text{(NF-1)}}$ | 1.80 | 3.12 | 0.076 | 21 398 | | 5.25 | 4.36 | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+1_{\text{(N31)}}+8_{\text{(NF\text{-}1)}}$ | 1.80 | 3.07 | 0.065 | 21 089 | | 5.25 | 4.36 | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+3_{\text{(N31)}}+6_{\text{(NF\text{-}1)}}$ | 1.78 | 2.91 | 0.045 | 20 056 | | 5.25 | 4.36 | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+5_{\text{(N31)}}+4_{\text{(NF\text{-}1)}}$ | 1.78 | 2.79 | 0.032 | 19 087 | | 5.25 | 4.36 | $9_{\text{(N31)}}+7_{\text{(N31)}}+2_{\text{(NF\text{-}1)}}$ | 1.79 | 2.70 | 0.023 | 18 102 | | Output energy performs 7–27% enhancement |
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Dongbing He, Shuai Kang, Liyan Zhang, Lin Chen, Yajun Ding, Qianwen Yin, LiLi Hu. Research and development of new neodymium laser glasses[J]. High Power Laser Science and Engineering, 2017, 5(1): 010000e1.
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