靶丸的内外表面缺陷分布对激光惯性约束聚变实验成功率及效率有重要影响，目前观测不透明靶丸的内表面仅有用X射线直接成像技术获取局部二维信息。运用显微CT实现靶丸三维成像，可得到靶丸内外全表面形貌信息；运用边缘检测、理想曲面拟合分割出缺陷区域，通过连通域分析对表面缺陷进行分块，并分别计算各区域的宽度、高度；运用体绘制方法交互绘制出了靶丸三维数据的立体效果，尤其突出了缺陷区域的彩色高度场效果，并通过虚拟切割观察靶丸内表面。基于该方法的靶丸内外表面缺陷观测技术，能识别大多数表面缺陷，且能较为准确地计算出缺陷尺寸参数，未识别出的缺陷通过体绘制可被观察到作为补充，为研究人员提供了良好的辅助分析手段。

Frequency modulation (FM)-to-amplitude modulation (AM) conversion is an important factor that affects the time–power curve of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) high-power laser facilities. This conversion can impact uniform compression and increase the risk of damage to optics. However, the dispersive grating used in the smoothing by spectral dispersion technology will introduce a temporal delay and can spatially smooth the target. The combined effect of the dispersive grating and the focusing lens is equivalent to a Gaussian low-pass filter, which is equivalent to 8 GHz bandwidth and can reduce the intensity modulation on the target to below 5% with 0.3 nm @ 3 GHz + 20 GHz spectrum phase modulation. The results play an important role in the testing and evaluating of the FM-to-AM on the final optics and the target, which is beneficial for comprehensively evaluating the load capacity of the facility and isentropic compression experiment for ICF.

激光惯性约束聚变实验需要使用数十台套诊断设备从不同方位对瞬态微尺度物理过程进行诊断表征。大部分诊断设备通常需要进入巨型靶室真空环境内，在厘米到米级的不同工作距离上，对聚变靶上面毫米到数十微米的靶标进行瞄准，大部分诊断设备的瞄准精度需要达到50 μm水平。双目瞄准方法是在真空环境下实现远距离高精度瞄准的一种重要方法，但目前主要依赖人工判读图像识别靶标和手动操作诊断搭载平台运动实现对靶瞄准，特别是靶室内照明条件或诊断设备瞄准视线存在夹角等条件会严重影响靶标识别效果，对诊断设备瞄准精度造成较大影响。发展了一种基于机器视觉的诊断自动瞄准方法，采用Mask R-CNN算法并以大量模拟瞄准图进行靶标识别训练，有效解决了靶标自动判读问题，对靶标识别误差控制在8个像素点以内；同时基于实验室瞄准测试平台开展了靶标像素偏差与瞄准坐标偏离关系的离线标定，开展了算法引导下的瞄准精度测试，根据测试结果预估指向瞄准精度优于30 μm、径向瞄准精度优于50 μm，对实现诊断设备的高精度自动瞄准有一定的基础参考价值。

The recent achievement of fusion ignition with laser-driven technologies at the National Ignition Facility sets a historic accomplishment in fusion energy research. This accomplishment paves the way for using laser inertial fusion as a viable approach for future energy production. Europe has a unique opportunity to empower research in this field internationally, and the scientific community is eager to engage in this journey. We propose establishing a European programme on inertial-fusion energy with the mission to demonstrate laser-driven ignition in the direct-drive scheme and to develop pathway technologies for the commercial fusion reactor. The proposed roadmap is based on four complementary axes: (i) the physics of laser–plasma interaction and burning plasmas; (ii) high-energy high repetition rate laser technology; (iii) fusion reactor technology and materials; and (iv) reinforcement of the laser fusion community by international education and training programmes. We foresee collaboration with universities, research centres and industry and establishing joint activities with the private sector involved in laser fusion. This project aims to stimulate a broad range of high-profile industrial developments in laser, plasma and radiation technologies along with the expected high-level socio-economic impact.

惯性约束聚变（ICF）中的瑞利-泰勒不稳定性（RTI）研究需要基于多种结构的调制靶，针对目前调制靶制备的工艺问题，采用双光子3D打印工艺制备了平面调制、平面复合调制及球壳型调制三种典型结构的调制靶，靶材料为光敏树脂（95%：C₂₃H₃₈N₂O₈，5%：C₄H₆O₂）。采用激光共聚焦显微成像分析了三种调制靶的实际结构参数，三种靶型的实测形貌及其参数与设计结构及参数具有良好匹配度。为进一步验证双光子3D打印新型工艺制备调制靶的可行性，实验团队在“神光Ⅱ”高功率激光实验装置上进行了纳秒激光打靶实验，结果显示靶表面的调制在激光直接驱动下受RTI的作用随时间呈增长趋势，初始峰谷值为4 μm的调制在激光驱动2.5 ns后形成了长度达100 μm的高密度射流，表明基于高精度3D打印工艺制备结构复杂的调制靶用于RTI研究具有较高可行性。

Competition among the two-plasmon decay (TPD) of backscattered light of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), filamentation of the electron-plasma wave (EPW) and forward side SRS is investigated by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Our previous work [K. Q. Pan et al., Nucl. Fusion 58, 096035 (2018)] showed that in a plasma with the density near 1/10 of the critical density, the backscattered light would excite the TPD, which results in suppression of the backward SRS. However, this work further shows that when the laser intensity is so high ( $>{10}^{16}$ W/cm²) that the backward SRS cannot be totally suppressed, filamentation of the EPW and forward side SRS will be excited. Then the TPD of the backscattered light only occurs in the early stage and is suppressed in the latter stage. Electron distribution functions further show that trapped-particle-modulation instability should be responsible for filamentation of the EPW. This research can promote the understanding of hot-electron generation and SRS saturation in inertial confinement fusion experiments.

从惯性约束聚变（ICF）装置中靶场关键材料易受辐照损伤、从而限制材料使用寿命和装置稳定运行的现实问题出发，总结归纳了有关不锈钢、铝合金、终端光学组件三大类靶场关键材料的辐照效应研究进展，详细介绍了靶室内高能中子束、γ射线、X射线等高能粒子和射线引起靶室第一壁材料出现烧蚀、中子活化等辐照损伤问题，以及靶室环境对关键材料的影响和防护处理。此外，还阐述了打靶试验中所产生的复杂辐射环境、基频与三倍频激光对靠近靶室的终端光学组件所产生的各类辐照损伤现象和相关作用机理。

在间接驱动激光聚变研究中，平响应X射线二极管是X射线辐射能流测量的主要探测器。为了获得理想的平响应效果，采用传统方法需要花费大量时间优化二极管的复合滤片参数，为此引入了粒子群优化算法，将之用于平响应X射线二极管复合滤片参数的优化，该方法可更快捷、更准确地得到复合滤片的优化参数。提出了新的滤片组合方式，并优化其平响应特性，得到了比传统滤片组合更优的参数配比。该项工作为平响应X射线二极管复合滤片参数的寻优提供了一种更高效的方法。

400 mm口径片状放大器增益性能退化是国内外惯性约束聚变（ICF）激光装置长期运行所面临的主要问题之一，直接影响激光装置的输出能力与光束质量。对造成片状放大器增益退化的因素开展了分析，建立了各因素的归一化理论分析模型，并利用2组九片长的400 mm口径4×2组合式片状放大器系统开展了实验研究，无维护策略条件下经过10年、3 000发次运行后增益性能平均退化了10.2%，符合理论预期。以此制定了大口径片状放大器的维护策略，实现了系统长期的增益性能退化率优于1.5%，满足ICF激光装置长期运行要求。