针对皮肤镜采集的光学黑色素瘤图像，由于其背景信息复杂，干扰信息过多，导致检测精度较低，容易出现误检、漏检等问题，提出一种重参数化大核卷积的光学黑色素瘤图像检测算法。首先，在主干部分设计一种融合大核卷积与C3的新模块C3_RepLK，以增大模型的感受野，提取更多的有效信息。其次，引入感受野模块RFB，融合不同尺度的特征信息，减少错检。颈部网络中采用混合密集稀疏卷积GSConv和轻量化上采样算子CARAFE，使得网络能够捕捉到丰富的上下文信息，抑制漏检。最后，在算法中融入二阶通道注意力模块SOCA，加强特征之间的关联性，关注更有用的特征。实验表明，所提检测算法较原YOLOv5算法，所有类别平均精度从85.0%提升至89.4%，证明所提出的算法对于检测黑色素瘤的有效性。

The skin is the largest organ in humans. It comprises about 16% of our body. Many diseases originate from the skin, including acne vulgaris, skin cancer, fungal skin disease, etc. As a common skin cancer in China, melanoma alone grows at year rate of nearly 4%. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an objective, reliable, accurate, non-invasive, and easy-to-use diagnostic method for skin diseases to support clinical decision-making. Raman spectroscopy is a highly specific imaging technique, which is sensitive, even to the single-cell level in skin diagnosis. Raman spectroscopy provides a pattern of signals with narrow bandwidths, making it a common and essential tool for researching individual characteristics of skin cells. Raman spectroscopy already has a number of clinical applications, including in thyroid, cervical and colorectal cancer. This review will introduce the advantages and recent developments in Raman spectroscopy, before focusing on the advances in skin diagnosis, including the advantages, methods, results, analysis, and notifications. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and future progress of Raman spectroscopy in the context of skin diagnosis.

可靠性是衡量光学仪器检测有效性的一项重要指标，直接关系到设备的实用性。研究穆勒成像偏振仪在病理诊断中的可靠性，对推进其临床应用至关重要。利用实验室自主研制的穆勒成像偏振仪检测155例黑色素瘤、色素痣和正常皮肤组织切片，得到退偏、相位延迟、双向衰减等极分解参数。通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析得出：正常皮肤和黑色素瘤的退偏、相位延迟及双向衰减诊断可靠性分别为100%、100%和90%；正常皮肤和色素痣的退偏、相位延迟及双向衰减诊断可靠性分别为99%、88%和75%；色素痣和黑色素瘤的退偏、相位延迟及双向衰减诊断可靠性分别为96%、97%和78%。本研究证明了自主研制穆勒成像偏振仪在皮肤组织切片检测中的可靠性和有效性，有望成为一项辅助医生进行病理诊断的有力工具。

为了探索一种智能、无损检测黑色素瘤边界的方法，开发了一套具有紧凑结构和自动化软件的光纤光谱仪系统，并将其应用于皮肤色素沉积的鉴别。从样品中采集散射光谱后，用标准光谱进行相关测试，系统会根据相关系数自动给出判断。首先通过体外试验验证光纤光谱仪(FOS)系统快速智能检测色素沉积的可行性。用FOS 系统对一个红、绿、蓝三色墨水染色的琼脂模型进行光谱测量，其鉴定准确率达96%。进一步用FOS 系统检测墨水皮下注射构建的小鼠黑色素瘤模型，结果显示，墨水注射区与正常区光谱有显著差异。与标准墨水的光谱比对，墨水注射区域的相关系数为0.83±0.07，而正常组织的相关系数为0.18±0.05。从相关系数构建的图上可以清楚地识别出皮肤中墨水着色区域的边界。体内和体外试验都表明，FOS 系统对皮肤沉积色素的检测具有较高的敏感性和特异性，预示着其在黑色素瘤的临床诊断中具有广阔的应用前景。

扫频源光学相干层析血管成像 (SS-OCTA)是一种基于分频幅去相关血管造影法 (SSADA)的新型血管成像技术, 在肿瘤等疾病的早期诊断方面拥有较大前景。本文在 5.12 mm×5.12 mm成像视场、标准图像最大信噪比 34.3 dB的 SS-OCTA成像平台, 对黑色素瘤 C57BL6小鼠进行皮肤结构和血管成像采集。结果表明在皮肤科疾病的早期诊断方面, 利用 SS-OCTA系统进行血管成像优于结构成像。

Fluorescence lifetime (FLT) of fluorophores is sensitive to the changes in their surrounding microenvironment, and hence it can quantitatively reveal the physiological characterization of the tissue under investigation. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides not only morphological but also functional information of the tissue by producing spatially resolved image of fluorophore lifetime, which can be used as a signature of disorder and/or malignancy in diseased tissues. In this paper, we begin by introducing the basic principle and common detection methods of FLIM. Then the recent advances in the FLIM-based diagnosis of three different skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM) are reviewed. Furthermore, the potential advantages of FLIM in skin cancer diagnosis and the challenges that may be faced in the future are prospected.

Melanoma, characterized by high mortality, rapid development and accompanied with angiogenesis is the most typical malignant tumor in skin cancer. Hence, the detection of blood vessels is of much significance. The early vascular network has small scale. If we remove the tumor early and biopsy it, it will increase the spread of the cancer cells and infection and bleeding. In this case, we presented a new angiography method. A high-resolution OCT system for noninvasive angiographic imaging of early skin melanoma — Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (SS-OCTA) is proposed. With a high lateral resolution of 10 μm in vivo tomographic angiography, SS-OCTA is used to image and identify the morphology of the early tumor blood vessels. In addition, a control group experiment is conducted to observe the growth of melanoma in the process of rupture, malformation of micro-vessels. The results of the analysis and statistical test (P < 0:05) are statistically significant.

黑色素瘤具有恶性程度高、转移早、死亡率高等特点, 而且对常规放射治疗不敏感, 因此, 提高黑色素瘤细胞的辐射敏感性对于此种疾病的治疗具有重要意义。本研究中构建了辐射诱导型过表达Ras相关的C3肉毒素底物2(RAC2)和敲低RAC2的黑色素瘤细胞系, 通过测定其辐照后的克隆存活率、γH2AX foci水平、ROS产额以及NADPH氧化酶活性研究了RAC2基因对于黑色素瘤细胞辐射敏感性的影响及可能的作用机制, 发现RAC2能通过增强NADPH氧化酶活性和提高ROS产额显著增强黑色素瘤细胞的辐射敏感性。