Breathing solitons, i.e., dynamic dissipative solitons with oscillating pulse shape and energy caused by different mechanisms of spatiotemporal instabilities, have received considerable interest from the aspects of nonlinear science and potential applications. However, by far, the study of breathing solitons is still limited within the time scale of hundreds of cavity round trips, which ignores the slow dynamics. To fill this lacuna, we theoretically investigate a new type of vector dissipative soliton breathing regime and experimentally demonstrate this concept using mode-locked fiber lasers, which arise from the desynchronization of orthogonal states of polarization (SOPs) in the form of complex oscillations of the phase difference between the states. The dynamic evolution of polarization states of the vector breathings solitons takes the form of a trajectory connecting two quasi-equilibrium orthogonal SOPs on the surface of the Poincaré sphere. The dwelling time near each state is on the scale of a tenth of a thousand cavity round trip times that equals the breathing period, which is up to 2 orders of magnitude longer than that for common breathers. The obtained results can reveal concepts in nonlinear science and may unlock approaches to the flexible manipulation of laser waveforms toward various applications in spectroscopy and metrology.

采用垂直生长法制备的氧化石墨烯（Graphene oxide, GO）作为可饱和吸收体，利用典型“X”型折叠腔在全固态Tm:Lu₃Al₅O₁₂(Tm:LuAG)陶瓷激光器中实现了调Q锁模运转。以790 nm激光二极管(Laser diode, LD)作为泵浦源，当泵浦功率大于8 W时，激光器进入稳定的调Q锁模状态。当输出镜透过率为5%时，连续光最高输出功率为714 mW，斜效率为4.94%。当泵浦达到16 W时，激光器最大输出功率为200 mW , 光谱中心波长为2024 nm，脉冲宽度约为695 ps，对应的锁模脉冲重复频率为108.7 MHz，调Q包络中锁模脉冲的调制深度接近100%。该2 μm超短脉冲激光器在生物医学和激光通讯等领域具有非常重要的应用。